Particle Physics - A.A. 2017-2018 – 12 CFU Prof. Paolo Bagnaia Syllabus ======== Introduction - Livingston plot - Spectrometers and Calorimeters - Particle identification - Concept of a resonance - The Gaussian distribution - Hypothesis tests. 1. The Static Quark Model - Hadron characteristics - Parity - G-parity - Charge conjugation - The static quark model - Hadron characteristics - The eightfold way - Omega minus discovery - Meson quantum numbers - Neutral meson mixing. 2. The hadron structure - Elastic and Inelastic scattering e/Nucleus - Mott formula - Nuclear form factors - The structure of atomic nuclei - Coherent and incoherent behaviour of nuclei - Size and shape of nuclei - Definition and properties of the magnetic moment - Elastic and inelastic scattering e-nucleon - Rosenbluth formula - Structure of nuclei and nucleons - The form factors of the proton - Structure functions - Deep inelastic scattering - The SLAC experiment - Structure functions - Bjorken scaling - The parton model - The quark-parton model - Sum rules - Parton density functions - Scaling violations. 3. Heavy flavors - Mandelstam variables - The reaction e+e- to leptons and hadrons - Main processes in the s and t channels - The ratio R between hadron and muon final states - Discovery of the J/psi particle in hadronic and e+e- processes - Charmonium - Determination of the J/psi quentum numbers - Open charm - Production and decay - Cabibbo allowed and suppressed decays - Charmed hadrons in hadronic multiplets - The third family : the tau lepton and the b quark - Discovery of the b mesons - The t quark. 4. Weak interactions - Charged and neutral currents - Fermi theory - G_fermi - Lepton universality in the lepton sector - Parity violation - Measurement of the nu helicity - Weak decays of mesons and leptons - Weak decays and symmetries - Fermi and Gamow-Teller transition - Beta decays - Cabibbo theory - GIM mechanism. 5. The K0 meson and the CKM matrix - K0 oscillations - Discovery of the K0L decay - K0 regeneration - CP violation - CP violations : direct and indirect - CP violation in the Standard Model - The CKM matrix - Test of the Standard Model in heavy flavor decays - The unitarity triangle - The CPT theorem. 6. The standard Model - The electroweak theory - QCD - Color - Asymptotic freedom - Confinement - The coupling constant alpha_strong- Parton showers - The running of alpha_strong - Measurement of the quark and gluon spin. 7. High energy neutrino interactions - The neutrino beams - Wide- and narrow-band beams - Neutrino detectors - Heavy liquid bubble chambers - Emulsions - Calorimeters (CDHS, CHARM) - Charged currents - Thresholds - Helicity constraints - Cross sections - Structure functions - Sum rules - Comparison with ep - Neutral currents - Couplings - Cross sections (total and differential) - Leptonic and semi-leptonic processes - Measurement of the Weinberg angle. 8. Hadron Colliders - Hadron and lepton Colliders - Luminosity - Emittance - Amplitude - Scattering - Partial waves - Optical theorem - The total cross section - Rapidity, pseudo-rapidity : definition and properties - Log(s) physics - The Froissart bound - The Pomeranchuk theorem - Inclusive distributions of single particles at low pT - The quark parton model : description, predictions and method of computation - Kinematics at hadron and parton level - Comparison of hadronic and leptonic colliders. 9. The SPS pbar p Collider - Antiproton production and cooling - The UA1 and UA2 detectors - The QCD processes at the Collider - Jet dominance at high Q2 - Production and decay of the W boson - Decay asymmetry of the W boson - Production and decay of the Z boson - Measurement of the properties of W and Z at the CERN collider. 10. The CERN LEP - The accelerator and the detectors - The experiment L3: mivrovertex, central chamber, e.m. and hadron calorimeters, muon chambers - The measurement of luminosity - Measurement of LEP total and differential cross sections - Selection of events with hadrons, muons, electrons - Total and differential cross sections for hadrons, muons and electrons - Asymmetries - Higher orders - Radiative corrections - Initial and final state radiation - Electroweak fit - Mass and width of the Z - The Higgs boson mass with the radiative corrections - The W boson at LEP2 - Kinematical fits: W mass and width - The Higgs boson - The Bjorken and higgs-strahlung processes - Direct search of the higgs boson at LEP1 and LEP2. 11. Searches and limits - The physics of the searches - Limits and exclusions - Confidence level - Luminosity of discovery and exclusion - Poisson distribution - Definition and properties of the likelihood - The likelihood ratio test - Method of the Higgs search at LEP. 12. The CERN LHC - Accelerator requirements and parameters - Requirements for the data-taking - ATLAS and CMS - Description of the detectors and their performances - Impact on physics measurements - Data taking and general characteristics of LHC events - LHC - Strong and electroweak results - The Higgs boson at LHC - Couplings, decay modes, total width - The Higgs search at the Tevatron - Production and decay of the Higgs at LHC - Main backgrounds - Results for the Higgs search at 7 and 8 TeV in the two-photon and four-lepton channels - Present and future studies on the Higgs sector of the SM. Conclusion - Is the present Standard Model the ultimate theory ? Some possible answers - Presentation of the current activity in our University in experimental high energy physics - S.Giagu, A.Incicchitti, E.Cisbani (docente in aula). Exam ==== The argument of the first question is decided in advance, possibly expanding one of the subjects treated in class. The other questions are instead asked in the traditional way. Sessions in 2018 ================ (the date is the first day of the session; see the notice for the exact date, time and place) 12/02 - 23/02 pren. 01/01 - 08/02 07/05 - 18/05 09/04 - 03/05 ("fuoricorso" only, see notice) 02/07 - 13/07 01/06 - 27/06 16/07 - 26/07 01/07 - 12/07 03/09 - 14/09 01/08 - 30/08 17/09 - 28/09 01/09 - 13/09 19/11 - 07/12 01/10 - 15/11 ("fuoricorso" only, see notice) (candidates are also invited to contact the professor in advance - see "Exam") ====================================================================================================